Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Of India Research Articles

Pharmacognostical (Ingredient Analysis) and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Yashtimadhu Taila (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)

Abstract Context: In Ayurveda, Yashtimadhu is being used as one of the healing drugs in the management of different kinds of wounds. The preparations made from Yashtimadhu such as Churna, Ghrita, Taila, and Malahar are being practiced in wound care unit to treat different kinds of wounds as local application. Multiple treatment modalities are mentioned in Sushruta Samhita for the management of various types of Vrana. Aim and Objective: This study was to standardize the finished product Yashtimadhu Taila to confirm its identity, quality, and purity. Yashtimadhu Taila is standardized using different parameters like pharmacognostical study including organoleptic characters such as color, odor, and taste. Subjects and Methods: Yashtimadhu Taila is prepared as per Sneh Kalpana mentioned in Sharangdhara Samhita. The pharmacognostical study includes organoleptic characters such as color, odor, and taste. The pharmaceutical study of Yashtimadhu Taila includes specific gravity, acid value, saponification, iodine value, and refractive index by the following standard procedures as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, and chromatographic examination includes high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) study. Results: All the physicochemical parameters show acid value (0.4883), saponification (178.7), iodine value (82.91), and refractive index (1.4820). HPTLC profile of the methanolic extract of the drug showed 14 spots at 254 nm and 8 spots at 366 nm. Conclusions: This study will be helpful to establish the safety profile, efficacy, and acceptance of classical parameters for further research studies.

Need of Standardization of Ayurveda Formulations

Standardization of herbal formulations is a process of setting some standard parameters which are essential for assuring the quality of the herbal formulations and it should be reproducible at any time of stability period of that formulations. Today many people all over the world experiencing the side effects of Modern medicine are shifting towards the traditional medical systems, among them most widely accepted is Ayurveda. Increased demand of herbal medicines, along with disparity in demand and supply of raw materials and profit mindedness of pharmaceutical agencies, has resulted substandard and unsafe products. The adulteration and substitution of drugs, methods of collection, storage and preservation of raw drugs, controversial opinions regarding formulations in classical text books, addition of preservatives and improper purification of toxic herbal and mineral drugs are the main problems that leading to the production of substandard and unsafe products. Authorities like WHO and Govt. of India has taken steps to standardize the individual drugs and formulations. Ministry of AYUSH have given the standard parameters for different types of preparations and few of the individual formulations are standardized in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. As the general population uses Ayurvedic medicines mainly as polyherbal formulations, standardization of each formulations is a need of hour for ensuring the quality medicines that leading to the global acceptance of Ayurveda.

AN ANALYSIS OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF KANDA TWAKA CHURNA AND PATRA CHURNA OF SHIGRU (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM.)

Moringa oleifera Lam. belongs to the Moringaceae family, popularly known as Sahijana, Shigru, Shobhanjana, Krishnagandha etc. The importance of Shigru in treatment has been mentioned in various classical texts for ages. Different parts of the drug, i.e., stem bark, leaves, seed, pods, root, etc., contain many chemical constituents that are significant in pharmacology. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analyses are essential for proper identification and authentication of the drug. Materials and method: Shigru kanda twaka churna and Shigru patra churna were evaluated separately for pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical studies. It also included a qualitative test for detecting protein, carbohydrate, ascorbic acid, sterols, and terpenes as per the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.). Results: The correct identity and authenticity of the drug sample were confirmed by its organoleptic study, powder microscopy, and phytochemical study, comparing them with features mentioned in A.P.I., and then certified by subject experts in Govt. Drug testing laboratory, Dist. Gwalior M.P. and Institute of Pharmacy, Vikram University Ujjain M.P. Conclusion: Based on the present study, we can conclude that both the sample drugs were authentic, pure and followed standard parameters of A.P.I.

Physico-chemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Whole Plant)

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,492-496.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.051Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Sumedh Joshi, Megha, Bhargav Vijay Bhide, Shivani Ghildiyal, and Tanuja Manoj Nesari Author(s) affiliations:Sumedh Joshi1,*, Megha2, Bhargav Vijay Bhide3, Shivani Ghildiyal3, Tanuja Manoj Nesari4 1Department of Dravyaguna, RJVS Bhaisaheb Sawant Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Sawantwadi, Maharashtra, INDIA. 2Research Fellow (Chemistry), CCRH, New Delhi, INDIA. 3Department of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, INDIA. 4Director, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, INDIA Abstract:Introduction: Quality, safety, and efficacy are the three main components of any therapy used for disease cure. Ayurveda encompasses vast knowledge regarding the use of numerous herbal sources for disease management. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Known as Mundi) is one such drug praised in classical as well as contemporary medicinal science for its therapeutic efficacy. The present study aims at development of quality standards for the Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Whole plant) sample utilizing physico-chemical and phytochemical analysis. Objectives: To perform physico-chemical, phytochemical, HPTLC, FTIR and UV analysis of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (Whole plant) sample. Materials and Methods: Physico-chemical analysis was done as per the guidelines mentioned by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Phytochemical analysis, HPTLC, FTIR and UV analysis was done as per the globally accepted standard guidelines. Observations and Results: The observed values were then compared to the standard values to make the monograph of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Whole Plant). Keywords:Ayurveda, Dravyaguna, Geraniol, HPTLC, Mundi, Sphaeranthus indicus.View:PDF (639.95 KB)

Single botanical drugs in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India-A quantitative ethnobotanical analysis.

Developing evidence-based uses of herbal medicines and natural product-based drug discovery are two core aims of ethnopharmacology. This requires an understanding of the medicinal plants and the traditional medical knowledge associated with them which is a basis for cross-cultural comparison. The botanical drugs of traditional medical systems are still not understood well, even for well-known and widely respected traditions like Ayurveda. In this study, a quantitative ethnobotanical analysis was performed on the single botanical drugs included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), presenting an overview on the medicinal plants of Ayurveda from perspectives of plant systematics and medical ethnobotany. Part-I of API includes 621 single botanical drugs, which are sourced from 393 species (323 genera in 115 families). Of these, 96 species yield two or more drugs, together accounting for 238 drugs. Taking the traditional concepts, biomedical uses and the pragmatic disease classification into account, therapeutic uses of these botanical drugs are sorted into 20 categories, which meet primary health demands. The therapeutic uses of the drugs sourced from the same species may differ considerably, but 30 of the 238 drugs are used in highly similar way. The comparative phylogenetic analysis identifies 172 species with high potential for specific therapeutic uses. This medical ethnobotanical assessment for the first time provides a comprehensive understanding on the single botanical drugs in API from the perspective of medical botany using an "etic" (scientist-oriented) approach. This study also highlights the importance of quantitative ethnobotanic methods in understanding traditional medical knowledge.

Amelioration of AlCl3-induced Memory Loss in the Rats by an Aqueous Extract of Guduchi, a Medhya Rasayana

Background In ayurvedic practice, the Guduchi ( Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers) stem is used as a Medhya drug for its beneficial effects on memory improvement. Objectives The current study was planned to explore the Medhya properties of the Guduchi stem extract by observing its ameliorating effect on AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in rats that acted as a chronic model of memory loss. Materials and Methods The aqueous extract of the Guduchi stem was prepared per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and administered to the AlCl3-treated Wistar rats for 42 days. The biochemical assessment of the brain tissues of the treated animals was done by the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay, protein expression, and oxidative stress assays, namely lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase assay. The neurobehavioral assessment was done using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Results The EPM test revealed that treatment with Guduchi extract showed marked improvement of memory status in rats along with reduced oxidative stress, and a marked modulation of the AChE inhibition and expression of AChE tubulin proteins. Conclusion The results substantiate the Medhya properties of the Guduchi. Detailed investigations are required to be carried out to explore the precise mechanism of the neuroprotective action of the Guduchi stem extract against the AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in rats.

Comparative Pharmacognostic study of market samples of Tagara collected from five different markets of Kerala with the official source plant Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb.

Tagara is a very popular Ayurveda herb used in the treatment insomnia, epilepsy, neurosis, hepatoprotective, anticancerous, and analgesic. Characteristic smell is the typical feature of it. As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and many other classical texts, rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi of the family Valerianceae is the accepted source of the drug. From some of the reports from early 1980s, it was found that roots of some aquatic plants such as Nymphoides macrospermum, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Nymphoides indica, and Limnanthemum cristatum were said to be used as Tagara instead of V. jatamansi in the South Indian markets. This study proposed to assess the present status of Tagara available in herbal raw drug markets of Kerala. Five market samples of Tagara were collected from selected markets of Kerala, and some of the reported aquatic plants, collected from natural habitats nearby. Macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical, and powder microscopic characterization of all these samples were done as per the standard procedure mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and characters observed were compared with official source plant and pharmacopoeial standard. Morphological characters of market samples of Tagara collected from the various markets of Kerala were not matching with the rhizomes of genuine drug V. jatamansi and that of Uttarakhand sample. The microscopic and histochemical examination also gave the same result. However, these samples showed similarities with the roots of Nymphoides macrospermam. Sample collected from Uttarakhand was the rhizome of V. jatamansi. The collected market samples of Tagara from various Kerala markets were not the rhizomes of V. jatamansi but the roots of N. macrospermam.

Development of quality control parameters for classical ayurvedic formulation: Vyoshadi Churna

Introduction: Ayurvedic formulations have a long history of use and have increased amazingly to follow the global interest in natural products. However, for many classical ayurvedic formulations, no quality parameters of standardization are available. Vyoshadi Churna, a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation that cures indigestion and diarrhea, is being used since ancient times. However, there is no standard method available for its formulation and evaluation. Hence, the current study aims to develop the quality standards for Vyoshadi churna. Methods: The standard procedures for preparation and standardization of Churna described in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) were used in the present study. Standardization includes pharmacognostical, chromatographic, and physico-chemical studies. The other essential studies were also done in accordance to API and World Health Organization guidelines to find the limits of microbial load, aflatoxin, heavy metals, and pesticide residue using modern analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (MS) and inductively coupled plasma-MS/MS. Results: Vyoshadi Churna is of brown color and bitter in taste. Pharmacognostical studies have shown the characteristic features of almost each contributory crude drug. A unique chemical profile was also developed using toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (4:4:1:0.5) as the mobile phase to resolve maximum components. Furthermore, the standardized limits for the physicochemical studies, microbial load, heavy metals, aflatoxins, and pesticide residues were established and found in limits. Conclusion: This is for the first time when the standard operating procedure of Vyoshadi Churna was developed. Hence, the current technical work would be practically helpful for the future preparation and standardization study of Vyoshadi Churna.

PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT OF SNUHI KSHARA OF UPAVISHA SNUHI (EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA LINN.)

In Ayurveda, substances of natural origin, including whole plant or their parts, animal parts and minerals, are used for drug formulations alone or in combination. Kshara, one such formulation, is an alkaline preparation used since ancient times to cure many external and internal diseases. Rasatarangini and Ayurveda Sara Sangraha have described Snuhi kshara, a single drug formulation of Upavisha Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.), which possesses udaravinashana, vanhidipana, shophanashana etc. properties. As market preparation of the formulation was unavailable, revalidation of standardization of herbal formulation is essential for its quality and purity. Thus, an attempt has been made to formulate Snuhi kshara. The present study evaluates the Standard Manufacturing Process and analytical profile of Snuhi kshara by comparing two batches of Snuhi kshara. Snuhi kshara was prepared according to Sharangdhara Samhita, and the analytical profile was evaluated as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India by organoleptic, physicochemical and thin layer chromatography parameters. The study's findings may enrich referential information on Snuhi kshara preparation and its analytical assessment.

Microbiological, Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Yashtimadhu Taila – A Compound Ayurvedic Formulation

Aim and Objective: Yashtimadhu Taila is a choice of drug given in Chakradatta in the treatment of khalitya (Hair fall). Ayurveda texts describe hair fall under Shirogata Rogas (diseases of head) under the broad heading of Khalitya. In present study attempt has been made to evacuate microbiological and develop pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) for Yashtimadhu Taila. Methodology: Preliminary Microbiological studies, Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical parameters, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography has been performed as per Standard method. Result: Microbiological study for Yashtimadhu Taila revealed absence of any microbial contamination under smear and culture study in aerobic atmosphere after 90 days of sample been prepared. The Pharmacognostical study of ingredients of Yashtimadhu Taila showed the Compound starch grains, Cork in surface, Pitted vessel, Rhamboidal crystal, Simple fiber, Sleroides and tannin of Yashtimadhu and Group of scleroids, Lignified scleroids, Parenchyma cells, Scleroids and Starch grains of Amla were found. Pharmaceutical analysis of Yashtimadhu Taila showed that saponification value (mg/g) was 178.7, acid value (%) was 0.488, iodine value (I2 100/g) was 82.91, specific gravity at room temperature was 0.9181 and refractive index was 1.482 respectively etc. and HPTLC at 254 nm resulted into 6 spots and at 366 nm resulted into 15 spots respectively. Conclusion: Standard value from this study can be used for further researches and evaluation of Yashtimadhu Taila helps in Quality control tool for its manufacturing or processing. Analysis through Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical shows suitability of drug for Nasya purpose.

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha Yoga – A Compound Ayurvedic Formulation

Aim and Objective: Shirisha Ashawagandhadi Avaleha Yoga is a Anubhuta Yoga given in the treatment of Vataja Pratishyaya. Symptoms of the Allergic Rhinitis can be compared with classical symptoms of Vataja Pratishyaya. In present study attempt has been made to develop pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) for Shirisha Ashawagandhadi Avaleha Yoga. Methodology: Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Parameters, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography has been performed as per Standard method. Result: The diagnostic character of microscopic analysis of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha showed the trichome of Vibhitak, deposition of Abharaka (silica) Anullar vessels of Pushkarmula, Fibers of Twaka, Prismatic crystal of Shirisha, Stillate trichom of Kantakari, Microcrystal of Ela, Stone cells of Yesthimadhu, Pitted stone cell of Vibhitaki, Oil lobule of Ashwagandha, Simple Starch grains of Tugakshiri, Black debris of Pippali, Simple and compound Starch grains of Kushtha, Simple and compound Starch grain of Ashwagandha, Epicarp of Ela, Parenchyma cells and Starch grains of Haridra, Tannin cotent of Shirisha, Multicellular trichome of Vasa, Pitted vessels of Yesthimadhu, Stone cells of Shirisha, Scalaryiform vessels of Haridra, Pitted vessels of Vasa, Starch grains of Kantakari. Conclusion: Standard value from this study can be used for further researches and evaluation of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha Yoga helps in Quality control tool for its manufacturing or processing.Analysis through Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical shows suitability of drug for oral intake.

Physico Chemical Analysis of Asanavilwadi Tila Tailam and Asanavilwadi Kera Tailam

Taila Kalpana- A liquid dosage form of Ayurveda used for both external and internal application, has an important role in clinical practice. Asanavilwadi taila is a preparation mentioned in Sahasrayogam taila prakaranam and in Chikitsa manjari Siro roga chikitsa. It is used in the treatment of diseases of eye, ear and head and found to be very effective. Based on the data collected about the production of Asanavilwadi tailam from various manufacturing companies, it was noted that large amount of Asanavilwadi tila tailam and Asanavilwadi kera tailam are produced. In the present scenario there is increase in the number of manufacturing companies, increased production of formulations and there is decreased availability of raw drugs. So, it is necessary to confirm the genuinity of formulations available in the market. But Asanavilwadi tailam has not been standardized yet in API. This work was initiated to develop a standard analytical parameter for Asanavilwadi tila tailam and Asanavilwadi kera tailam. Asanavilwadi taila is prepared both in the media of Tila taila and Kera tailam as both samples are used for clinical practice and physico-chemical analyses were done. Standard analytical protocol proposed by Pharmacopoeial Laboratory of Indian Medicine (PLIM) and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India were taken as the study tool.

A brief study on standardization and evaluation of ayurvedic preparations of Ushirasava

Ushirasava is the polyherbal hydroalcoholic product prepared from about 27 ingredients. It is a liquid preparation popularly used for bleeding disorders, skin diseases, diabetes and many more. Due to the cooling properties of Ushirasava, it is widely used in the diseases where excessive heat occurs in the body. This study aimed to standardize and evaluate some marketed formulations of Ushirasava with special reference to its physicochemical properties. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of Ushirasava were standardized with reference to the protocol of testing Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines. The results were further compared with specifications given in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The results of this study serve a reference tool for standardizing and evaluating formulations of Ushirasava. Keywords: Standardization, Physicochemical, Organoleptic, Fermentation, Bioefficacy

Pharmacognostic specifications of Abroma augusta stems and Cissus quadrangularis aerial part

In present communication pharmacognostic specification of medicinal plants used in veterinary products have been described for the purpose of their standardization. The plants undertaken for the study were Abroma augusta stem (Sterculiaceae) and Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae). These plants are official in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The observed microscopic characters of Abroma augusta stems are suberized cork cells, pericyclic fibers, polygonal parenchymatous cells. Microscopic characteristics of Cissus quadrangularis aerial part shows chlorenchymas hypodermis, sclerenchyma sheath; large cells of mucilage along with clusters and bundles of acicular crystals of calcium oxalate were seen in abundant and were scattered throughout the section. Powder microscopy of both the plants was also studied and identifying features were noted down. The improved qualitative microscopic features would prove useful for their quick identification and laying down their pharmacopoeia standards. Additionally, present study also provides the information with respect to crude drug and may serve as a reference point for the proper identification of Abroma augusta stems and aerial parts of Cissus quadrangularis. The present study would also fill the gap in providing evidential support concerning quality determination of plant material used in veterinary medicinal product. Emphasis is upon aiming to increase documentation on primary studies on medicinal plants used in veterinary medicines.

Assessment of heavy metal content in herbal raw materials traded in India

Presence of heavy metals in herbal raw materials exceeding the safety limit have potential security risks and has proven adverse effects and its prolonged consumption may causes serious health problems. The present study was carried out to quantify the heavy metals, content in some of the herbal raw materials traded in Indian market. A total 183 samples belongings to 74 different herbal raw materials and 69 species were sampled and analyzed for the presence of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), and Lead (Pb). As per the permissible limit of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), 5.46% samples were failed due to Cd accumulation followed by Hg (3.82%), Pb (1.09%), and As (0.55%). Higher accumulation of Cd was main reason behind higher percent of failed samples as per different safety standards such as 13.11% for World Health Organistion (WHO), 5.46% for United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and 72.13% for Health Science Authority Singapore (HSA). Hg contributed higher percent of failed sample (18.03%) as per the safety standards of Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China (CP). The results showed that due to higher accumulation of Cd, Pb, As, and Hg, 9.58 - 12.33%, 0.00 to 10.96%, 1.37 to 2.74%, and 8.22 to 30.14% samples were failed respectively in safety standards of different pharmacopoeias. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Croton tiglium L., Curcuma longa L., Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Piper longum L., Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Senna alexandrina Mill., Tamarindus indica L., Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. and Valeriana wallichi DC. were among the species which failed in minimum of two or more than two pharmacopoeias due to higher concentration of one or more heavy metals. The quality of the herbal raw materials can be enhanced and the wastage of herbal raw material due to accumulation of heavy metals can be reduced by implementing WHO guidelines on Good Agricultural Practices, Good Field Collection Practice and Good Post-Harvest Processing Practices.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Trayodashang Guggulu, an Ayurvedic Formulation

• Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of trayodashang guggulu . • Analgesic activity by Eddy's hot plate, tail immersion and formalin-induced pain models • Anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan and formalin-induced inflammation models. • TG did not reduced centrally acting pain models i.e. Eddy's hot plate and tail immersion. • In formalin-induced pain model, TG significantly decreased both flinching and licking pain responses in early and late phase. • TG showed significant reduction in formalin and carrageenan-induced inflammation • Study substantiates the traditional use of TG in various painful inflammatory conditions. Background: Trayodashang guggulu (TG) is a compound Ayurvedic formulation used in Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions like arthritis and associated pain. Purpose: To study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of trayodashang guggulu . Methods: Trayodashang guggulu (TG) was standardized as per standard procedures and TLC profile was carried as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and LC-MS analysis was done to identify its bioactive constituents. Trayodashang guggulu was suspended in water and administered orally at 270 and 540 mg/kg dose for evaluating pain and inflammation in rats. Analgesic activity was assessed by Eddy's hot plate, tail immersion and formalin-induced pain models while anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan and formalin-induced inflammation models. Further, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action is predicted through various in silico methods like molecular docking and dynamics studies using AutodockVina and AMBER, respectively. Results: TG was found compliant as per pharmacopoeial standards. TG (270 and 540 mg/kg, orally) did not cause significant reduction in pain in centrally acting pain models i.e. Eddy's hot plate and tail immersion tests as like Pentazocin (10 mg/kg). In formalin-induced pain model, TG (270 and 540 mg/kg, orally) significantly decreased both flinching and licking pain responses in early and late phase while indomethacin (10 mg/kg) only affected late phase flinching and licking. Further, TG showed significant time-dependent reduction in formalin and carrageenan-induced inflammation as compared to vehicle control. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg), standard drug also showed significant reduction in pain and inflammation. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 phytoconstituents in TG. Further, in silico studies revealed that some of the identified phytochemicals may have inhibitory activity against COX-2 enzyme and the synergistic effects due to multi components may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of TG. Conclusion: In conclusion, trayodashang guggulu inhibited the inflammatory pain as well as showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The effect may be attributed to the presence of anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents through the inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2. The study further validates its traditional use in various painful inflammatory conditions.

Kayakalpam (Rejuvenative) herbs: An immunomodulators in Siddha system of medicine: A scientific review

Background: Kayakalpam (Rejuvenative) medicine is one of the prime treatment technique in the Siddha system of medicine. Kayakalpam has potential to heal, rejuvenate and balance the vatham, pitham and kapam (tri-dhosas) which make the body and mind to attain its stability. Several studies have been done on Kayakalpam medicines, but, this review article states about few Kayakalpam herbs, their chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and its immuno-modulatory mechanism towards the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases and several other diseases. Methods: A literature review was conducted using the following scientific databases: PubMed, Research gate, Science Direct, Google scholar, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India. The aim was to identify published data on traditionally used medicinal plant for rejuvenation and immuno-modulatory effect. From that, few Kayakalpam herbs have been chosen which has been mentioned in the Siddha literature and reviewed its nature. Conclusion: This literature review reveals the potential effect of Kayakalpam herbs and its nature. Beyond any doubt it will help in prevention and management of non-communicable diseases and several other diseases.

Development and standardisation of Laghu Sudarshan Churna – An Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Laghu Sudarshan Churna, LSC is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation employed for different types of jvaras (fevers). The present study was undertaken to prepare its standardised formulation and to standardise the finished product using quality control procedures mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). For this, four batches of the finished products were prepared on a laboratory scale and performed the pharmacognostical parameters (macroscopic, microscopic and powder drug analysis); thin layer chromatography; quantitative physicochemical evaluation including loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, alcohol & water soluble extractive values, and pH; & measuring the level of aflatoxins, microbial load, heavy metals and pesticide residues of the finished product. This study is the foremost effort to develop the standardised formulation along with the evaluation parameters for LSC. Thus, obtained results would be beneficial and will act as the reference for the standardisation of LSC.

Sedative and hypnotic activity of the leaves of Bijapura (Citrus medica L.)

Batrisu vasanu, katlu or battisa is an ethnobotanically popular polyherbal galactagogue and postpartum remedy in western India. It is only traditionally practised and is not reported scientifically. This study was focused on qualitative analysis of the ingredients added and their variations among marketed Batrisu vasanu products. Samples were collected in Gujarat (India) and from the ingredients mentioned on the pack, their botanical details were analysed using Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India – Part I. Relative frequency of citation (RFC), number of herbs shared (Nh) by samples, and Jaccard coefficient was calculated to find the consistency in ingredient. A Cluster dendrogram was prepared to show diversity in sample ingredients. The composition of 16 collected samples showed 24.5±6.33 herbs per sample with a range of 26 herbs. Total 69 medicinal herbs of 64 species, from 58 genera belonging to 38 diverse plant families were reported. Gokshura was the only common herb present among all the samples. Further, Nh of 12.80±4.62 and average Jaccard coefficient of 0.35 suggests very poor similarity of samples. It is concluded that samples were added with diverse types of herbs, and were having a highly inconsistent polyherbal composition. These findings raise serious concerns about the quality of this ethnomedicinal product.

Comparative analytical profile of Benincasa hispida thumb. and Cucurbita maxima duchesne

Background: Cucurbitaceae is a family of health-promoting plants due to their compounds with beneficial effects. This is a family of about 130 genera and about 800 species. Seeds or fruit parts of some cucurbits are reported to possess many therapeutic activities. Benincasa hispida Thumb. familiarly known as Kushmanda and Cucurbita maxima Duchesne as Kashiphala are two varieties of Cucurbitaceae family. Thus, comparative analysis of both these varieties is done to evaluate the analytical profile.Aim: To evaluate the analytical profile of B. hispida and C. maxima.Materials and Methods: Fresh juice, semi-solid, dried powder of both the samples were prepared in the laboratory, and comparative analytical profiles were developed by following standard guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).Results and Conclusion: The organoleptic parameters include changes in color, taste, and odor of both samples. In physico-chemical parameters, slight changes in loss on drying, Ph, and Total solid content was mentioned. Total ash value and extractive values have found within the limit as mentioned in API. Phyto-chemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, flavonoids, and steroids in both varieties. Powder microscopy of both samples showed parenchymatous cells, xylem fibers, xylem tracheid's, epidermal cells, and starch grains which were found sparse in B. hispida and dense in C. maxima. High-performance thin-layer chromatography revealed similarity of 3,4,3 bands at 254 nm and 4,3,4 bands at 366 nm ultraviolet detection in methanolic extract, aqueous, hydro-alcoholic extract, respectively, and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study of B. hispida and C. maxima showed the presence of amines, methylene group and alcohols, phenols, and methylene group, respectively.